Genetically Modified Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Genetically Modified Crops - Essay Example The resultant organism would be referred to as transgenic. Similarly, genetically modified, GM crops would be created by changing the genetic material of crops though biotechnology. Techniques Various techniques have been used to introduce the needed genes in crops or inactivate the undesired ones. Bacterium Agrobacterium has the capacity to infect plants hence has been used as an appropriate DNA carrier. Its preparation would be conducted in a specialised solution that would make its cell walls even more porous. The desired gene would then be inserted into the plasmid of the bacterium – its extra chromosomal DNA molecule – and then dropped into the solution which would be heated to allow the plasmid to enter into the bacterium and express a new gene. The altered bacterium referred to as recombinant would be left to recover before being allowed to grow and probably make copies of the new gene. The bacterium would then be exposed to plant cells to deliver the new gene an d plasmid to the cells targeted for transformation (Adugna & Mesfin 2). With gene slicing, the restriction enzymes of bacteria would be used to attack foreign DNA, cutting it into accurate sections inhibiting it from insertion into the chromosome of the bacteria. Different bacteria produce varied restriction enzymes which cut DNA at different places. Molecular biologists use this capability to genetically engineer the DNA to be inserted into target cells for genetic modification. Another enzyme, DNA ligase, would then be used to fuse the sequences of the new gene into the chromosome. Alternatively, the new gene could be introduced into the bacterium’s plasmid which would invade the cell being targeted and deliver the gene. Carter, Moschini and Sheldon (15) give Agrobacterium tumefaciens as an example in this category. Other techniques include biolistics where the selected DNA would be attached to gold or tungsten microscopic particles and fired into the target cells by use of gas under pressure. In lipofection, liposomes would be used to carry the selected DNA and would be placed together with the target cells in a special solution causing a merger between the liposomes and phospholipids from the cell membrane giving in to the entry of the DNA into the chromosome. The viral carriers technique would involve use of a virus whose genetic make-up has the selected DNA added onto it to invade the target cells without causing death or damage thus adding the desired DNA to the target cells. In calcium phosphate precipitation, the selected DNA would be introduced to calcium phosphate creating tiny granules that would have the target cells respond by surrounding and ingesting the granules – endoocytosis – thus causing the granules to release the DNA into the host chromosomes. Examples of GM crops There are soybeans that have been modified genetically so as to make them tolerant to high levels of herbicides that could kill them, making them herbicide tolerant, HT. There are other crops including maize and cotton that have been engineered genetically to resist particular insect pests such as the toxin genes, Bt toxin extracted from Bacillus thuringiensis found in soil and introduced into the DNA of crops so as to make the crops produce specific toxins that kill the larvae of insect pests (Carter, Moschini & Sheldon 7). This would make such crops insect resistant, IR. The

Characters in Lord of the Flies Essay Example for Free

Characters in Lord of the Flies Essay The power struggle, egocentric and intolerance in society today is ruining human relationships and Golding shows this through his characters in Lord of the Flies. Through the characters Jack, Roger and Ralph, Golding shows this interaction. Jack symbolises the struggle and silent fight for power over other people, Roger represents people who easily gives up in relationships and walk away and Ralph helps demonstrate mans reliance on appearance to create and keep relationships. The island emphasises these relations and shows Goldings view of relations among people. The relationships between humans is emphasised throughout the novel, and Golding has given his views on these relations through characters in the novel. Jack is a very strong, dominant character who feels the need to gain superiority over everyone else to feel power and control. He represents the power and hunger for dominance over others and Jack shows this through scaring others and demanding them to do jobs that put Jack on top which is emphasising the silent fight for dominance in human relationships today. Jack says â€Å"I ought to be chief†¦ because I’m chapter chorister and head boy. I and sing C sharp†. This narcisstic dialogue shows how Jack wants escalate the idea of how important and better he is than Ralph and all the other buys, by saying this he is showing the boys how much better he is and scaring him with his range of talents. This affects the way that the reader understands and develops Jack’s character which then shows his egotistic approach to dominance over the other boys. Golding is using the character Jack and his silent fight for dominance over the boys to show how society is constantly trying to gain superiority in relationships. This is showing how the power struggle in society is ruining human relationships. Roger in Lord of the Flies is a character developed by Golding to comment of how humans too easily give up on relationships. Roger throughout the novel develops into one of the savage followers of Jack, which brings out and dramatises the human characteristics and actions in relationships. Piggy died by being hit by a falling boulder that was pushed from the side of a cliff by Roger. This action of pushing the boulder to stop Piggy talking and complaining is how Golding showed us how human relationships are easily given up. â€Å"storm of sound†¦incantation of hatred†¦Roger, with a sense of delirious abandonment, leaned all his weight on the lever†. This imagery and hyperbolic language emphasises how Roger found the easy way to escape the relationship all the boys had with Piggy as they were in a disagreement. The imagery gives a picture which makes the reader feel the tension and the hyperbolic language helps emphasise the tone of aggression that humans use today to escape relationships easily. Golding has used the character Roger to show the intolerance in relationships in society today, which is running human relationships. There are many purposes to Ralph’s character in Lord of the Flies, one is that he gives a emphasised view on mans reliance on appearance to create and keep relationships. In the beginning of the novel when the boys first arrive on the island they elect Ralph instead of Jack because of his appearance and characteristic demeanour, this reflects the attitudes of humans in society today. Golding describes Ralph through the perspective of the boys by saying â€Å"could see not that he might make a boxer, as far as width and heaviness of shoulders†, this imagery and comparison to the features needed to be an athlete gives the reader an image of what Ralph would look like and why he is looked up to by the other boys. This means the boys would rather have a fit good looking leader that they would aspire to be like, which is close to the way many people decide on their relationships with others. This is what Golding is trying to show through the character Ralph that in society h uman relationships are becoming ruined by creating relationships based on the appearance of others. Golding uses the characters in Lord of the Flies to demonstrate the power-struggle, intolerance and dependence on appearance to create and keep relationships. This is through Jacks power struggle over the other boys, Roger’s intolerance towards Piggy and how through the boys choosing Ralph to be their chief in the early hours of landing on the island it shows how his strong, built appearance was more appealing that Jack which demonstrates how appearances have a big effect on human relationships.

Alexander The Great Episode Essay -- Papers

Alexander The Great Episode The film begins in Iran where we are told of how he was the devil and how he had two horns . They made their hate for him obvious. Th intro also tells us of how he was led to the speaking tree in India that told him that he would die young. That was the end of the introduction. Alexander was born in Macedonia , at a young age he believed that he was the son of god . There was no doubt about his extraordinary parents . His father had seven wives , he was an alcoholic yet a great man who controlled the country well . His mother was a weird manipulative women . At a young age he showed signs of brilliance , at 10 he tamed a horse that was thought to be untameable as no one in the land could tame it . His father always told him to aim high and that Macedonia was never enough for him . Alexander always hated the Persians for what they had done to his country . He had revenge in his blood and that was the beginning of the end for the Persian Empire . An interesting fact about him is that there is only one original portrait of him , all the rest are copies . At 19 his father died and so he took control of the country . Immediately he set out to Asia with 35,000 troops to seek revenge on Persia . This would be his last time in his homeland . He set out for Troy to visit the Tombs of Athena and Achilles . He believed that their sacred weapons would help him and so he took them . He believed that the gods would help him defeat the mighty Persians. He began his destiny by opening up the coast of Turkey and defeating the local government . He then went to Didimer's temple . He sought help on his miss... ...h for the leader . It was presented to him in a helmet . He took it and tipped it into the sand for if his army weren't going to drink then neither would he . The route he took was deemed impossible for an army and that's why he took it, for the challenge, 60 days later they reached Iran. At that time Iran was the centre of the Universe , he now regretted his earlier action of burning down the Palace . He still wanted to conquer the west . His close friend Histien died , Alexander was in despair . He went to Babylon ignoring the warning made by the gods to him . He died there on the 10th June . He had a bad fever . The veterans took a last look at his body to confirm his death to the people and to themselves . He had always taken recognition of the veterans . Alexander had been broken by the insanity of absolute power.

Plot Structure in Susan Glaspells Trifles :: Trifles Essays

Plot Structure in Susan Glaspell's Trifles The play "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell is a whodunit type of murder mystery. But in this case, the "professionals," whose job it is to find out what happened, failed in their task. The County Attorney (Mr. Henderson) and the Sheriff (Mr. Peters) attempt to piece together what had transpired on the day when John Wright was murdered. They interviewed Mrs. Hale, Mrs. Peters, and Mr. Hale who told them that Mrs. Wright, John's wife, had been acting strange when he had found her in the kitchen. After taking in all of this information, they left Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale in the kitchen. Instead of focusing on the men and their quest to solve the case, Glaspell concentrates on the women in the kitchen. It is at this point, when the men leave the kitchen and go upstairs, that the women begin to, perhaps inadvertently, find out for themselves who had killed John Wright. I believe the rising action of this play begins when the men leave the women alone in the kitchen. Without even knowing it, the women are using the tactics that a trained detective would use: asking many questions and making inferences. They engage in small talk and comment on how the kitchen was left after the murder. For example, when Mrs. Peters was looking through the cupboard, she discovered that Mrs. Wright had a bread set. Mrs. Hale then concludes that "she was going to put this in here," referring to a loaf of bread beside the breadbox. Another example is when Mrs. Peters noticed that Mrs. Wright had been "piecing a quilt." As the two women are wondering whether she was going to "quilt it or kno t it," the men come down the stairs and overhear them. The Sheriff repeats out loud what he had heard them say and the men all laugh, obviously making fun of the women. This situation is interesting because the men have no idea that the women were actually making valuable conclusions. I think the next line that Mrs. Hale says is very important: "I don't know as there's anything so strange, our takin' up our time with little things while we're waiting for them to get the evidence. I don't see as it's anything to laugh about." This line shows that even the women themselves believe that they are not finding anything of importance.

The Impact of Violent Media on Children

The Impact of Violent Media on Children Submitted to: Mme. Daisy R. De Jesus Submitted by: Kimberly Anne C. Cimafranca Javi Dawn A. Generoso Title: The Impact of Violent Media on Children Thesis Statement: Psychologists found that watching television is the single factor most closely associated with aggressive behavior. I. Introduction II. Description of Violent Media A. History B. Forms of Media 1. Lyrics 2. Television 3. Video Games III. Exposure to Violent Media A. Violent Video Games Exposure B. Violent Lyrics Exposure C. Violent Shows/Advertisements ExposureD. Juvenile Aggression 1. Cases Related to Media Violence 2. Theories Related To Media Violence 3. Factors Interacting with Youth IV. Effects of Violent Media A. Social Effects B. Psychological Effects V. Effective Ways in Trampling Media A. Methods on Approaching Children B. Government Policies to Benefit Children Viewers C. Parental Guidance 1. Curbing Children’s Television Habits VI. Conclusion I. Introduction Child ren would likely develop their violent characters from watching violent medias such as televisions, radios, video games, and magazines.According to the article â€Å"The Psychological Effects of Violent Media on Children† by Aimee Tompkins, there are three main impacts of bad medias. First, they become less aware to the hurt and sorrows of other people. Second, they would be more afraid of their environment. And lastly, they would be more argumentative. Although surveys say that harmful video games can make children become more quarrelsome to others, a few parents and psychologists believe that some kids gain some good things from it.The researchers of the paper believe that watching violent media either brings good or bad effects to children, depending on how see it. Everything that children see or hear in the media affects them in some ways. They imitate what the television portrays in cartoons, primetime and reality shows. Parents should limit their children’s expos ure to violent acts. Unfortunately, violence is the preeminent form of entertainment. Current research shows that violent media is related to aggressive behavior. Some of these risky behaviors include cruelty to others and lack of self-reproach to one’s mistakes.On the other hand, the media such as films, video games and televisions argue that violent children are attracted to these kinds of uptight entertainment. These people believe that a child, in order to exhibit actions they have seen on the big screen, must have been exposed to more than just programming. Violent situations are all too common in everyday entertainment and there are far less programming choices that are not. Even if the choices do exist, a research has proven that parents have no big idea what their children watch on television.Many parents are more lenient or less concerned about possible negative influences brought by these violent medias. Parents are also seen bringing their children to watch feature films not suitable for their young age. As parents, they should be attentive to the content of what these forms of media have and ask whether it is appropriate for their child’s age. And the writer’s of this paper also believe that parents who allow their children to be exposed to violent medias are the reason why their children become disrespectful and disobedient to them.A lot of research has been conducted and most of these concluded that children learn aggressive attitudes and behavior from the contents of violent media. The children take in everything of what are shown in television whether it is beneficial for them or may be damaging to their minds for they still do not understand reality from fantasy. Psychologists found that watching television is the single factor most closely associated with aggressive behavior. The question now is: â€Å"Does watching violent media cause children to be violent? † This is what the makers of this paper and as well as t he readers are going to find out.

Fahrenheit 451 and Guy Montag.

Fahrenheit 451 and Guy Montag. Essay about Guy MontagThroughout the book Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag changes from a relatively "typical" fireman who follows the laws of his society into a person who challenges the laws and eventually becomes an "outcast".In the book Clarisse McClellan, the 17-years old girl, questions Montag about his life now and the life he has always lived. Near the start of the book Clarisse asks Montag "are you happy" (10), a question that makes him admit later on that "he is not happy" (12).The fact that Montag actually thinks about Clarisse's question later on and starts admitting to himself that he is not happy is a big step for Montag. In fact he shows how he is no longer living as "one" with society which focuses a lot about "happiness". Thereby, Clarisse is the first to encourage Montag on his way to self-awareness.After Clarisse's question Montag starts thinking about his wife, Mildred, and whether they really love each other or not.Jerzy Montag, German Green Party politicianTherefore t o find out, Montag asks Mildred if she remembers where they met the first time.The fact that Montag actually asks Mildred if she remembered where they met the first time shows how Clarisse's question influenced Montag in many ways. Montag would not have asked Mildred about such a thing if he had not come into interaction with Clarisse, because before he met Clarisse he really did not think about how his life was. The fact is that neither Mildred nor Montag remembers where they met the first time. He realizes that he is unhappy in his relationship with his wife, Millie, who is unwilling to deal with reality and instead chooses to immerse herself in an obsession to tranquilizers the virtual world provided by her television and radio.Montag did not read books...

Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. Essay Essay Example

Pepsi Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. Essay Paper Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. Essay Paper 1. Stakeholders 1. 1. The five-year miss and the injured: – as because of this incident a five twelvemonth miss lost her life and nil is more cherished that life. 1. 2. Customers: – because people were resting their hereafters in the custodies of this figure febrility publicity run. 1. 3. Victoria Angelo. her household and households like hers: – these people who didn’t have adequate money to eat were purchasing Pepsi in the hope of altering their whole life. The rich company Pepsi was doing money by doing these people believe that they might win a batch of money. Alternatively of utilizing their scarce resources for something more existent. these people spent it on Pepsi constructing up dreams of acquiring rich and taking a good life. 1. 4. Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. : as the run was launched by Pepsi-cola. it is responsible for the results like deceases. cases. injured etc. 1. 5. Pepsi-Cola International: – as Pepsi-Cola Products Philippines Inc. is a portion of the transnational house with subdivisions all over the universe. this incident might negatively consequence the gross revenues in other states. 1. 6. PepsiCo Inc. : as it owns 19 % of the company. 1. 7. Insurance companies: – The insurance companies are affected by this incident as a batch of the Pepsi-cola autos. trucks and waggons were destroyed by the angry public and these companies might hold to pay for it. 1. 8. Rivals particularly Coca-Cola: as a consequence of this incident coca-cola might be able to snap away a immense ball of the market from Pepsi. 1. 9. Government: – It has to do certain that companies follow the Torahs and they have to protect the guiltless consumers. The authorities has to do certain illegal and unethical activities do non go on. It has to do certain that the Torahs are implemented without any exclusions. 1. 10. Judicial system in Philippines: – as it is responsible for doing certain that no misdemeanors of Torahs and ordinances go on and people who do it are dealt with in the proper mode. 1. 11. Company Employees: – they might lose their occupations as a consequence of the public violences and losingss that Pepsi had to face. 1. 12. Peoples who ran the computing machine or made the computing machine plan: as they have a important function to play in the misprinting of the Numberss. 1. 13. Banks and fiscal establishments: – although non really clear from the instance Pepsi-cola might haven taken loans form other Bankss. 1. 14. Share and Stockholders: – although non really clear from the instance. the value of the portions and stock of Pepsi-cola Company might hold fallen. 2. Ethical Issues 2. 1. Trust: – A clime of trust provides improved communicating. greater predictability. dependableness and assurance among the customer’s. employees and the company. The people trusted Pepsi to pay them the money if they would win. But Pepsi dining do that hence interrupting client trust. something one time broken is really hard to recover. 2. 2. Egoism: – the company was merely believing about its ain involvements when it launched the run. It didn’t see the hapless people who might be lured by this figure febrility and pass the small money they had on Pepsi-cola alternatively of salvaging it and utilizing for nutrient. medical specialties. instruction etc. hence harming the guiltless clients. 2. 3. Misrepresentation: – With the winning Numberss pre-selected by computing machine and merely ten 1-million-peso awards available. the opportunity of anyone going a peso millionaire was one in 28. 8 million. But Pepsi drinkers didn’t know that. The few victors got saturation media coverage. and full households spent excessive clip and attempt roll uping bottle caps. 2. 4. Larceny: – these people who didn’t have adequate money to eat were purchasing Pepsi in the hope of altering their whole life. The rich company Pepsi was doing money by doing these people believe that they might win a batch of money. Alternatively of utilizing their scarce resources for something more existent. these people spent it on Pepsi constructing up dreams of acquiring rich and taking a good life. When Pepsi refused to pay the rightful victors their rightful money. the company robbed these people of their dreams. hopes and fiscal resources. 3. The defining of Public felicity a. There was possibly a small coaction of private public assistance and public good. The company was giving out prises valuing up to 1 million to people. Although the company intended to derive more market portion through this action. it besides helped people acquire more money and live a better life. On the other manus it was besides private public assistance as merely a smattering people truly profited from this action. Merely these few were able to take a better life and the bulk was left out B. Yes I think it is an appropriate good as one can non ever do material for the public good. It is non ever possible to make good for all on a big graduated table. You need a batch of resources. power to transport out actions on such a big graduated table. Alternatively it would be better to assist groups. households and single. This is comparatively easy to make and consequently a batch of people will profit from such actions. c. What should hold been otherwise I. Truth: – the company should hold told the truth in the advertizements. that the opportunity to win the game is highly little. This would assist particularly the hapless people in doing the more reasonable and invert their money in things what they truly need. two. Trust: – the company should hold tried to recover trust of the people by explicating to them that the error was non on intent and that they neer intended to ache people’s feelings. three. Consequences: – The Company should hold besides tried to explicate to the people that if Pepsi would pay the $ 18 billion to the people. so the company would travel broke and would hold to shut. This would ensue in 1000s of people fring their occupations. four. Government: – it should do certain that people understand such runs and don’t get seduced by such empty promises through better control over what the companies precisely advertise and what they do. d. Yes Pepsi was justified in non paying the full 1 million pesos: Doing that would intend that Pepsi would hold to pay a sum of more than $ 18 billion. a amount that would decidedly take to the company acquiring bankrupt. As a consequence of this 1000s of people would lose their occupations non merely in Philippines but besides in other parts of the universe where Pepsi operates as the Whole Pepsi administration would be affected by this immense loss. The portion and stock holder might lose a batch of money as a consequence of this loss at Pepsi. Thus it is a really complicated and damaging concatenation reaction that would be set of into action if Pepsi paid the money. Pepsi made a error in publishing the Numberss. something it did non mean to make. It kept its promise of giving out the 1 million to people who had the Numberss but now you can’t anticipate the company to pay $ 18 billion because of an honorable error. Everyone makes errors. e. Europe: – The response would hold been different as the people in Europe are non that hapless and populate a good life. They are non that desperate. They are besides good educated and understand such runs. South America and Africa: – the response might hold been similar to that in Philippines as the people are hapless and are despairing to hold money. Most of the people are non good educated and therefore don’t truly understand such runs. Asia: – the response here might be non that aggressive as in Philippine as the people are good educated and although besides being hapless they live in extremely developing states for illustration India. China etc. that are invariably attractive immense investings from around the universe. Multinational companies are constructing immense mills here and are outsourcing their maps in these states. As such the people are non that desperate. f. The houses offer was OK. it could hold offered some more money. but whatever it might hold offered it would hold neer been plenty for the people. The company had to believe about all its stockholders and paying the full sum would hold damaged batch of them for illustration Insurance companies. Company Employees. Banks and fiscal establishments. Share and Stockholders etc. It was in the best involvement of everyone for the company to pay 500 pesos and non the full 1 million. 4. What would I make? Probably the ethical rules violated have to make with trust that they would maintain their word. ( wage for victors ) even if it weren’t profitable. I don’t believe the ads said anything about conditions of payment are merely if they ‘choose the correct. low chance figure to guarantee low payoff’ . It seems besides that they need their clients. peculiarly since Coke clients will non be affected by Pepsi-Philippines determination non to pay off. I would do certain that the advertizements would advert the hazards and possibilities of winning. The people would be cognizant of the fact that it is really hard to win. This would assist a individual non to put all his hopes and resources in something that is itself a dream. I would besides seek to explicate to the people that if Pepsi would pay the $ 18 billion to the people. so the company would travel broke and would hold to shut. This would ensue in 1000s of people fring their occupations. I would seek to keep the good will of the clients. The jutting $ loss from loss in repute may be worse than paying the awards. Simply from a concern and ethical position. I would hold done something really rapidly to keep the good will of the clients one time I knew of the error. I would hold tried to recover trust of the people by explicating to them that the error was non on intent and that the company neer intended to ache people’s feelings. Possibly in Hong Kong the consequences would hold been less extremist or violent. However that wouldn’t mean that the company wasn’t merely as incorrect for their short-sightedness and sloppiness. Their sloppiness led to force and decease. Something should hold been done otherwise. Yes. 5. Application of to instance 5. 1. Personal Traits: Business determinations are made by persons or by commissions. therefore the moralss of concern in world is the moralss of the persons doing up the concern. A series of factors influence a individuals moralss: personal values. phase of moral development and moral approbation. The extent to which a determination maker’s behavior reflects personal values depends to some extent on the determination maker’s self-importance strength. field dependance and venue of control. There the Pepsi-cola company is a large participant with a batch of power which can take to high self-importance strength and venue of control. This might do the company to travel its ain manner and put incorrect criterions and usage questionable methods. Phases of development depict the type of principle used to choose options. Moral approbation characterizes the internal demand for blessing something that is barely present in large companies. Each of these traits either supports ethical or unethical behav ior. 5. 2. Stakeholders: A stakeholder is person who has a interest in an organisation or a plan. Stakeholders either impact the organization/program or are affected by it. Stakeholders include people who staff a plan ( e. g. . direction. staff ) ; people who are affected by a plan ( e. g. . clients. their households. and the community ) ; people who contribute to a plan in other ways ( e. g. . subscribers. support bureaus and foundations. voluntaries. spouse organisations. board members. etc. ) ; and people with a vested involvement in the plan ( e. g. . politicians. neighbours. etc. ) . rivals. providers etc. The company did non take into consideration the effects of this run on peculiarly its consumers. The Stakeholders influence determinations in both ethical and unethical waies. 5. 3. Organizational Culture and Traits It might be referred to as the common set of premises. beliefs and values that has developed within the administration to get by with the external and internal environment and that is passed on to new members to steer their actions within these environments. It provides a sense of individuality among members and promotes a committedness of the members to something larger than ego. It besides provides for stableness of the organizational societal system and principle and way for behavior. While organizational civilization serves as the overall gum of the administration specific facets of its civilization are influenced by the organizational traits for e. g. organizational clime and organizational ends etc. 3. 4. Dimensions of Decision Making The Decision Processes aid to explicate the types of ethical determination doing behaviors that occur in concern. Directors indicate there are specific actions that they will non permit – therefore. the minimal public presentation regulation. Once a set of determination options has been established. each one is evaluated on the bases of the Decision dimensions like economic. political. technological. societal and ethical issues. These issues are responsible at the terminal about the ethical nature of the determination. 3. 5. Moral Intensity The grade of moral strength influences the determination maker’s determinations. A individual with a high moral strength is tend to see moral and ethical issues more profoundly than a individual who’s moral strength lies really low. 3. 6. Minimal Performance Level/ Total Benefit Test The determination shaper applies a minimal public presentation regulation to each of the determinations that specifies the minimal acceptable public presentation degree for each of the determination dimensions. Any alternate that creates a struggle of involvement will be dropped from consideration. The minimal public presentation degree might be less than the coveted degree and when considered by itself would take to rejection of the option. Decisions Alternatives that survive the Minimum Performance Level regulation trial may so be subjected to the 2nd stage. entire benefit giving the overall value of each option. After the benefit for each determination variable has being considered has been derived. one would anticipate that the determination shaper would choose the option with the highest benefit. 6. Lessons Critical for organisations that are endeavoring to derive or keep a competitory advantage and that are in the procedure of re-structuring for the new century. Decision-making is an of import factor for turning organisational memory with freshly created cognition and a broader base of positions to utilize in subsequent decision-making state of affairss. Give a peculiar determination context and a determination shaper with a set of personal values. it may be really hard to see all sides of the issue. Individual. managerial and organizational success all depend on doing the right determinations at the right times. 1 However. decision-making is merely one constituent of the problem-solving procedure. Unless a job has been defined and its root causes identified. directors are improbable to be able to do an appropriate determination about how to work out it. Effective directors know how to garner and measure information that clarifies a job. They know the value of bring forthing more than one action option and weighing all the deductions of a program before make up ones minding to implement it. A major duty for all directors is to keep a changeless sentinel for existent or possible jobs. Directors do this by maintaining channels of communicating unfastened and monitoring. When a job involves others. they need to experience understood and accepted ; they must hold assurance that the job can be resolved ; they must swear direction to see the job as a learning experience and non as an alibi to penalize person. Whether blameworthy or non. the usage of the cloak of societal duty. and the bunk spoken in its name by influential and esteemed business communities. does clearly harm the foundations of a free society. I have been impressed clip and once more by the schizophrenic character of many business communities. They are capable of being highly far-sighted and clear-headed in affairs that are internal to their concerns. They are improbably short-sighted and muddle-headed in affairs that are outside their concerns but affect the possible endurance of concern in general. But the philosophy of â€Å"social responsibility† taken earnestly would widen the range of the political mechanism to every human activity. It does non differ in doctrine from the most explicitly corporate philosophy. It differs merely by professing to believe that collectivized terminals can be attained without leftist agencies. The societal duty of concern is to utilize its resources and prosecute in activities designed to increase its net incomes so long as it stays within the regulations of the game. which is to state. engages in unfastened and free competition without misrepresentation or fraud.

Osmoregulation Definition and Explanation

Osmoregulation Definition and Explanation Osmoregulation is the active regulation of osmotic pressure to maintain the balance of water and electrolytes in an organism. Control of osmotic pressure is  needed to perform biochemical reactions and preserve homeostasis. How Osmoregulation Works Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane into an area that has a higher solute concentration. Osmotic pressure is the external pressure needed to prevent the solvent from crossing the membrane. Osmotic pressure depends on the concentration of solute particles. In an organism, the solvent is water and the solute particles are mainly dissolved salts and other ions, since larger molecules (proteins and polysaccharides) and nonpolar or hydrophobic molecules (dissolved gases, lipids) dont cross a semipermeable membrane. To maintain the water and electrolyte balance, organisms excrete excess water, solute molecules, and wastes. Osmoconformers and Osmoregulators There are two strategies used for osmoregulation- conforming and regulating. Osmoconformers use active or passive processes to match their internal osmolarity to that of the environment. This is commonly seen in marine invertebrates, which have the same internal osmotic pressure inside their cells as the outside water, even though the chemical composition of the solutes may be different. Osmoregulators control internal osmotic pressure so that conditions are maintained within a tightly-regulated range. Many animals are osmoregulators, including vertebrates (like humans). Osmoregulation Strategies of Different Organisms Bacteria - When osmolarity increases around bacteria, they may use transport mechanisms to absorb electrolytes or small organic molecules. The osmotic stress activates genes in certain bacteria that lead to the synthesis of osmoprotectant molecules. Protozoa - Protists use contractile vacuoles to transport ammonia and other excretory wastes from the cytoplasm to the cell membrane, where the vacuole opens to the environment. Osmotic pressure forces water into the cytoplasm, while diffusion and active transport control the flow of water and electrolytes. Plants - Higher plants use the stomata on the underside of leaves to control water loss. Plant cells rely on vacuoles to regulate  cytoplasm osmolarity. Plants that live in hydrated soil (mesophytes) easily compensate for water lost from transpiration by absorbing more water. The leaves and stem of the plants may be protected from excessive water loss by a waxy outer coating called the cuticle. Plants that live in dry habitats (xerophytes) store water in vacuoles, have thick cuticles, and may have structural modifications (i.e., needle-shaped leaves, protected stomata) to protect against water loss. Plants that live in salty environments (halophytes) have to regulate not only water intake/loss but also the effect on osmotic pressure by salt. Some species store salts in their roots so the low water potential will draw the solvent in via osmosis. Salt may be excreted onto leaves to trap water molecules for absorption by leaf cells. Plants that live in water or damp environments (hydr ophytes) can absorb water across their entire surface. Animals - Animals utilize an excretory system to control the amount of water that is lost to the environment and maintain osmotic pressure. Protein metabolism also generates waste molecules which could disrupt osmotic pressure. The organs that are responsible for osmoregulation depend on the species. Osmoregulation in Humans In humans, the primary organ that regulates water is the kidney. Water, glucose, and amino acids may be reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate in the kidneys or it may continue through the ureters to the bladder for excretion in urine. In this way, the kidneys maintain the electrolyte balance of the blood and also regulate blood pressure. Absorption is controlled by the hormones aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and angiotensin II. Humans also lose water and electrolytes via perspiration. Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain monitor changes in water potential, controlling thirst and secreting ADH. ADH is stored in the pituitary gland. When it is released, it targets the endothelial cells in the nephrons of the kidneys. These cells are unique because they have aquaporins. Water can pass through aquaporins directly rather than having to navigate through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. ADH opens the water channels of the aquaporins, allowing water to flow. The kidneys continue to absorb water, returning it to the bloodstream, until the pituitary gland stops releasing ADH.

Challenges for reworking corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Challenges for reworking corrections - Essay Example This paper shall discuss the solution of reinvigorating a new correctional leadership. Various materials from different authors and discussions shall be used in this paper in order to support this student’s chosen solution. Clear, Cole, and Reisig (2009) discuss that a strong leadership is needed in order to solve our problems in our corrections system. They cite the case of Martin Horn who runs the New York City Rikers system. Horn’s strong leadership was able to prove that it is important for a corrections manager to act fairly and reasonably; maintain a drug-free prison system; and make transactions transparent in order to ensure the public’s confidence in it (Clear, Cole, & Reisig, 2009). The authors also point out that with strong leaders, solutions can easily and effectively be implemented through a strong and determined vision, the leader’s ability to put the right people into the right kind of work, and the leader’s strong ability to motivate people into doing their best (Clear, Cole, and Reisig, 2009). These leaders can be seen in almost every corner of the globe; and the challenge is to attract these people and entice them into joining the corrections system. In a paper submitted by Dobel (2006), and published by the US Department of Corrections, he points out the importance of a strong leader who is ethical and mindful of his values. The author sets forth that since a leader holds a position of authority, most especially in an important area such as corrections, he is bound into a complicated system of obligations and responsibilities. A leader has to answer and be responsible for and to his colleagues, superiors, peers, offenders, and other clients (victims, the family members of the victims, and the offenders themselves) (Dobel, 2006). If the leader and the different corrections staff fail, then the corrections system itself can suffer the consequences.

Mathematics and the U.S. Presidential Elections Essay

Mathematics and the U.S. Presidential Elections - Essay Example Moreover, this paper will discuss how the processes and concepts involved in the US Presidential Elections may be related to mathematics. The US Presidential elections happen every four years, starting from 1792. The existing process came about as a middle ground to appease the two arguing groups in which one wanted the Congress to appoint the President while the other wanted the elections to go by popular vote (Schantz). This compromise led to how the elections process goes on now. In the current electoral process, the Electoral College is responsible for electing the next president of the United States of America. The Electoral College is composed of electors from different states of the country. The number of electors that a state may have depends on the number of representatives that it has in the combined houses of Congress (Harris and Tichenor). The candidate who wins a majority of the electoral votes (270 out of 538) wins the US presidency as well. This elections process is qu ite different from other election processes in such that elections outside of the United States are usually won by popular vote. Each registered citizen of the country has the same contribution as every other citizen of the country. ... Again, with plurality voting, every person gets the same exact chance and â€Å"power† as another to decide on the next US president. Since all that is needed to win the elections is to have the most number of votes among the candidates, then it is not a requirement to acquire majority of the votes. As such, with four people competing for the same post, it is possible for somebody to acquire 26% of the votes (obviously not the majority) and still win. Relating such a concept to mathematics, all that is needed is for A > B > C > D. Moreover, that A’s votes ? 50% + 1 (indicating the majority) is not really a requirement. The Electoral College system in voting for the US President presents a more complex form of mathematics than that. Each state is given its respective weight in terms of votes, depending on its population. The candidate, then, that receives majority of the electoral votes and not necessarily majority of the states or majority of the people’s votes, wins the election (Schantz). For a very rough example, suppose we have Alice, Ben, Cathy, Dennis, and Earl deciding which of two ice cream parlors to go to. Because of their different sizes, they also get to have different â€Å"voting powers† in deciding their place of destination. Alice and Ben each weighs twice as much as Cathy, Dennis weighs three times as much as Cathy, while Earl weighs four times as much as Cathy. Thus, Alice and Ben each gets two voting points, Cathy gets one voting point, Dennis gets three voting points, and Earl gets four voting points. If it were merely up to the popular vote, the ice cream parlor which gets three votes would automatically win. However, with this scenario, we can see that if Dennis (3 points) and Earl (4 points) votes for

Uneven distribution of education through the conflict perspective Essay

Uneven distribution of education through the conflict perspective - Essay Example Education has been a crucial issue in several countries nowadays, especially for those with low literacy level. Its importance is seen in its outcomes, such as productivity, literacy, and poverty alleviation. A literate citizenship is a good source of engineers, economists, technologists, scientists, biologists, doctors, teachers, and so on, enough to produce infrastructures and improve the status of science and technology, medicine, and education itself. A low productivity due to lack of all mentioned places a country in a doom of poverty and economic insecurity. Development specialists recognize these outcomes, and provide information on how education may be better in poor countries in order to be richer. There is thus, a strong connection and a dialectical link between education and the economic security of a nation. This connection is seen in the United States, Germany, United Kingdom, and France, which all keep a high record of literacy rate of 99 percent as compared to others t hat keep low literacy rates, such as Arab states (70.3 percent) Several nations are still keeping a low record of literacy level, particularly third world nations, despite the significant importance of education. Female literacy is also found to be lower than their male counterpart in these areas, indicating the pervasion of gender inequality in education and the traditional roles designated to women.... In Ethiopia, a low 24 percent is indicated for their rural areas, while 83 percent for the urban places. It is clear that education has a strong link to economic capacity of the people and nation. Poor children who are able to study experience a large discrepancy of educational opportunities than those from middle class and upper class families. The Comparison of inequality in education may be seen in the following: areas: Teacher allocation, budget allocation, availability of books, and educational facilities and infrastructures. These areas are reflective of social stratification that exists in education. Despite the already high literacy rates, the first world nations like the United States also exhibit a discrepancy in education between poor and rich neighborhoods and schools. Teacher Allocation There is a low quality of teachers in low-income schools in the United States, and at times when there is a short supply of teachers in almost all parts of the country, those who are provided with teachers with the least training and experience are the poorest schools (Hill, 2008). The richest ones get the reverse of this condition. Far less- qualified teachers are consistently provided to students in low-income and minority schools, while children in the wealthier neighborhoods are allocated with the reverse. It reflects the fundamental flaw in the allocation of teachers and funds to schools, whose allotment depends on whether they are poor or rich. Contributory to this scenario is the fact that senior teachers possess total freedom of choice in where to work and most of them choose the most attractive schools and neighborhoods with few difficulties, and demands on teachers are less severe (Hill, 2008). It leaves the new and

Human Resource Management in a Business Context Essay

Human Resource Management in a Business Context - Essay Example HR management can play a role in environmental scanning i.e. identifying and analysing external opportunities and threats that may be crucial to the company's success. Similarly HR management is in a unique position to supply competitive intelligence that may be useful in the strategic planning process. HR also participates in the strategy formulation process by supplying information regarding the company's internal strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses of a company's human resources can have a determining effect on the viability of the firm's strategic options. So, Human Resources of such companies as Solaris Hotel and Libra Holidays Group Public Limited take up a role of Business Strategic Partner. Translating business strategies into HR practices helps a business in three ways. First, the business can adapt to change because the time from the conception to the execution of a strategy is shortened. Second, the business can better meet customer demands because its customer service strategies have been translated into specific policies and practices. Third, the business can achieve financial performance through its more effective execution of strategy. "We are the people who take pride in high professional standards. We are client focused. We stand behind our promise to deliver value for money and efficient client service. We already rank amongst the ten biggest tour operators in the UK. Our vision is to become one of the top 20 European tour operators. And we will achieve it." (11) So, Libra Holidays Group is the number one travel Group in tourism world. The Group is structured to include such fields of imposing operations as Tour Operations, Air Transport, Customer Service and Hotels. Investing on the capabilities of its people and strengthening its existing potentials in all fields of activity it anticipates its inclusion among the 20 leading tour operators in Europe. And the Libra Group has a global HR department. There are established procedures for recruitment and selection, training and development, and performance appraisal. The Solaris Hotel is a small Family Hotel with a high proportion of the staff which has worked there for many years. Recruitment of the new staff is usually on the recommendation of existing staff. Training tends to be mainly on-the-job by watching and working with more experienced member of employees. The staff is very flexible. And these two companies has decided to merge, Solaris Hotel is going to be a part of Libra Holidays Group. But there is a question: what are the changes required to enable the Solaris to become a successful member of the Libra Group That's why the aims of the topic are: 1) to suggest a series of proposals regarding the management style and performance management; 2) to define the main principles of the recruitment strategy; 3) to provide training and development processes for the staff. Main body What should be done to combine Human Resources functions when a merger happens The answer to this question depends upon a number of factors: the level of sophistication found in the Human Resources functions that exists; the charter of HR in the pre-merger organisations; and the capacity of those HR functions to meet the new demands. Well, to begin successful integration into the Libra Group Solaris company needs to provide the guidance and the process

Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers Essay

Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers - Essay Example In China, Confucian ethics may be found intertwined with advertising messages. Chinese culture favours the Yin-Yang concept, that is, the existence of opposites by virtue of each other, and between which a balance must be attained. In the U.S., the emphasis is more on competition, and brand positioning focuses on a single core appeal, which is either one that is rational or one that is emotional (Zhou & Dou, 2007), but seldom the two together. Confucian ethics embraces the holistic approach, espousing both qing (emotion) as well as li (reason), a feature which is almost always jointly observed in Chinese advertising (Yinjiao, 2006). Advertising is often ‘complicated, cultures-specific’ and particular in politeness behaviour that impacts directly on ethical issues when the advertisers are foreigners (Zhu, 2009, p. 517). Easily, the advertisement depicted here is both emotional and informative – emotion by way of humour, and information in the slogan and the picture of the bottle of medicine at the lower right-hand corner. Confucian teaching has also always been linked to serenity and balance in life, the same attributes that are reflected in these advertisements. These are at once communicated to the viewer by the visual advertisements. However, there is a hidden piece of humour in these ads that are lost to foreigners. The product is a Sanjiu, a muscle and joints pain relief medication. The slogan, written in Chinese characters, directly translates to ‘Reverse the pain’ which would have been better translated into the English: ‘eliminate’ or ‘diminish the pain’. The word ‘reversal’ would have been proper in the Chinese language, for which the pictures... This "Advertising for the Chinese Market compared to the US Consumers" essay describes the differences between approaches to the advertisement in China and the USA. Confucian teaching has also always been linked to serenity and balance in life, the same attributes that are reflected in these advertisements. These are at once communicated to the viewer by the visual advertisements. However, there is a hidden piece of humour in these ads that are lost to foreigners. The product is a Sanjiu, a muscle and joints pain relief medication. The slogan, written in Chinese characters, directly translates to ‘Reverse the pain’ which would have been better translated into the English: ‘eliminate’ or ‘diminish the pain’. The word ‘reversal’ would have been proper in the Chinese language, for which the pictures are metaphors. For English speakers, the pictures are not so much ‘reversed’ as they are ‘inverted.’ Maybe a vis ual which would be more consistent to the English meaning of reversal would be somebody running backwards, as in reversal through time. In English, the word ‘reversal’ conveys a process, so someone doing something backward would be reversal. The inversion shown in the pictures conveys more a world out of order, an illogical or topsy-turvy affair where nothing is as it should be. From the point of view of Chinese viewers, however, the message, and the humour, is clear, that the product ‘reverses’ the pain so that there is no more pain, so the world is ‘reversed’ and the person is able to resume his/her physical activity.

Human Resource Management in a Business Context Essay

Human Resource Management in a Business Context - Essay Example HR management can play a role in environmental scanning i.e. identifying and analysing external opportunities and threats that may be crucial to the company's success. Similarly HR management is in a unique position to supply competitive intelligence that may be useful in the strategic planning process. HR also participates in the strategy formulation process by supplying information regarding the company's internal strengths and weaknesses. The strengths and weaknesses of a company's human resources can have a determining effect on the viability of the firm's strategic options. So, Human Resources of such companies as Solaris Hotel and Libra Holidays Group Public Limited take up a role of Business Strategic Partner. Translating business strategies into HR practices helps a business in three ways. First, the business can adapt to change because the time from the conception to the execution of a strategy is shortened. Second, the business can better meet customer demands because its customer service strategies have been translated into specific policies and practices. Third, the business can achieve financial performance through its more effective execution of strategy. "We are the people who take pride in high professional standards. We are client focused. We stand behind our promise to deliver value for money and efficient client service. We already rank amongst the ten biggest tour operators in the UK. Our vision is to become one of the top 20 European tour operators. And we will achieve it." (11) So, Libra Holidays Group is the number one travel Group in tourism world. The Group is structured to include such fields of imposing operations as Tour Operations, Air Transport, Customer Service and Hotels. Investing on the capabilities of its people and strengthening its existing potentials in all fields of activity it anticipates its inclusion among the 20 leading tour operators in Europe. And the Libra Group has a global HR department. There are established procedures for recruitment and selection, training and development, and performance appraisal. The Solaris Hotel is a small Family Hotel with a high proportion of the staff which has worked there for many years. Recruitment of the new staff is usually on the recommendation of existing staff. Training tends to be mainly on-the-job by watching and working with more experienced member of employees. The staff is very flexible. And these two companies has decided to merge, Solaris Hotel is going to be a part of Libra Holidays Group. But there is a question: what are the changes required to enable the Solaris to become a successful member of the Libra Group That's why the aims of the topic are: 1) to suggest a series of proposals regarding the management style and performance management; 2) to define the main principles of the recruitment strategy; 3) to provide training and development processes for the staff. Main body What should be done to combine Human Resources functions when a merger happens The answer to this question depends upon a number of factors: the level of sophistication found in the Human Resources functions that exists; the charter of HR in the pre-merger organisations; and the capacity of those HR functions to meet the new demands. Well, to begin successful integration into the Libra Group Solaris company needs to provide the guidance and the process

The history and geography of UAE and Dubai (a city of UAE) Essay

The history and geography of UAE and Dubai (a city of UAE) - Essay Example For instance, the Sheikdom in this region under the powerful Carmathians was able to conquer Mecca, the holy place of Islam. But gradually, the Sheikdom became disintegrated and the people once more turned towards piracy (say, became sea pirates). But in 19th Century, the people who lived in this region were powerful enough to challenge Omani and Muscat sultanates. The British intervention in 1800s transformed the whole area to that of a protectorate. For instance, the whole area was renamed by the British administration as Trucial Coast. But the British Administrators were not interested to consider the area as a colony. Instead, they considered the area as a protectorate which consists of 9 states. In 1971, the British control was withdrawn and the whole area became independent as a federation of states. The UAE is situated near to the Eastern side of Arabian Peninsula. Besides, UAE is the part of Gulf of Oman and the Southern Coastal area of Persian Gulf within the Middle East. The UAE shares border with Saudi Arabia in the West- Southern side, Qatar in the Northern side, and Oman in the Eastern side. The land in UAE consists of barren and desert areas. As pointed out, the location of UAE is in the Middle East Asia. In addition, the total area of UAE is 82, 880 sq km. Within this area, coastline consists of 1,318 km, and territorial sea under control is 12 nm (say, nautical mile). The exclusive economic zone within UAE consists of 200 nm. But Kenneth Katzman opines that the economic boom and foreign investment in Dubai within UAE was not helpful to overcome the aftereffects of the global economic crisis (Katzman 12). Basically, the climate of UAE is hot, but the Eastern mountain areas are comparatively cooler. The natural resources consist of petroleum deposit and natural gas. But there exist a number of natural issues like desertification and oil spill from oil wells. In addition, UAE acts the role of an important transit point

Discipline in Schools Essay Example for Free

Discipline in Schools Essay A majority of us have families with children various ages, and the title of this article caught my eye for the simple fact I have teenage kids in school that have previously been assigned in-school suspension for minor disciplinary acts such as being tardy or turning in incomplete assignments. Working adults and parents are the primary targets of this particular article which sparks my personal interest towards this issue. I felt the author of this article gave a somewhat neutral observation of this topic, giving both sides of the story in a calm yet quite informative tone. He listed infractions that resulted in suspensions as well as different types of suspension outcomes. It’s important to note that suspending a student for being disruptive in class and suspending a student for fighting should be handled differently however both instances should require the students to continue working on their curriculum. With references from other educators as well as reports from the US Department of Education I would have to say that the contents of this article appear to be creditable. Results from out of school suspensions prove to be doing more harm than good, leaving students at home unsupervised with a couple days off with no curriculum to work on verses the alternative of requiring students to attend on the weekends seems to be a better solution, however funding for weekend programs is a separate issue. The authors intend of this article is to inform and acknowledge new alternatives need to be explored when it comes to disciplinary actions such as suspensions. Additional resources will have to be implemented, academic and financial. Overall I thought this to be a particularly interesting and informative article.

Analysing Islamic Law And Polygamy Religion Essay

Analysing Islamic Law And Polygamy Religion Essay Should a man have more than one wife? Im going to answer this with referencing from the Islamic law and my opinion with facts to back it up. Under Islamic law a man is allowed up to 4 wives but he must be able to show that he can treat woman equally and provide a separate home for each of them. The truth of the matter is that, the Law says every Muslim according to the religion can marry more than one woman. Article 6 Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961 of Pakistan explains that it extends to the whole of Pakistan and applies to all Muslim citizens of Pakistan wherever they may be. No man, during the subsistence of an existing marriage, shall, except with the previous permission in writing of the Arbitration Council, contract another marriage, nor shall any such marriage contracted without such permission be registered under the Muslim Marriages and Divorces (Registration) Act, 1974. The God thy worship Allah has commanded the Muslims to marry, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦And marry those among you w ho are singleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This quote illustrates that a man can marry as many as he wishes but as long as the woman around them are single. The religion of Islam has been revealed for a long time to many societies. So therefore accommodates widely to different social requirements. Circumstances may warrant the taking of another wife but the right is granted, according to the Quran, only on one condition that the husband is scrupulously fair. The Quran is the only religious scripture in the world that says, marry only one. A Muslim marriage is not a sacrament like Christianity, but a simple, legal agreement in which either partner is free to include conditions. In Islam, marriage is essentially a contract. However, the division between sacred and secular was never explicit in Islam. Any action or transaction in Islam has religious implications. It is not quite accurate, therefore, to designate marriage in Islam simply as a secular contract. The appropriate designation of marriage could be a Divine Institution. Islam recognizes the value of sex and advocates marriage. Islam does not believe in celibacy. Nushaba Hussein, the chair of the Human Rights Action Committee of the Muslim Parliament says recognising polygamy would give legal recourse to women. In Islam, limited polygamy is permitted. Polygamy is one of the main targets for criticism on the part of non-Muslims and even some who claim to be Muslims. However, polygamy is not something that appeared with the advent of Islam, it has been practiced for a very long time. Believe it or not, Christians also believed/practised polygamy; the ban on polygamy in Christianity is a man-made prohibition, not divine law. In the Quran it says If you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphans, marry women of your choice, two, three, or four, but if you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly (with them), then only one. The verse illustrates the sincere teachings of Islam regarding polygamy and includes the command to treat wives equally, and anyone who is unable to do so should marry only one women. I generally believe that if it is clearly stated in the Quran, Muslims should be allowed to marry as many wives as they please. The Quran is what Muslims use as their guidance so if the Holy Book permits them then it is their choice to make their own decision. I do not think anyone has the right to question what they believe since we all have different opinions and backgrounds; every individual human beings are different. Equality includes all social, economical and physical needs. It is very difficult for human beings to be completely fair, a fact which is recognised by the Quran . Which is proven in the world today. At times, the wife may be incapable of pregnancy and the husband desires to have children. Polygamy can also serve as a solution to this problem. Some men are not satisfied with one woman. By recognising this need of a man, Islam permitted them to marry more than one wife, rather than falling into the trap of adultery and fornication. These are just some of the reasons and wisdoms behind the permissibility of practicing polygamy. This is the decision of Allah, and it must be accepted by Muslims. According to the Islamic faith, the Quran can be challenged. In the Holy book, it goes into depth more on how the women should be treated and the rights they have as a wife. No one may argue that religious law is more important than state law, so if it is against their religious morals then men should be allowed to marry more than one women. However, in the religion it is not obligatory so it all goes down to the choices the men make. Polygamy is not a rule but an exception. Many people are under the misconception that it is compulsory for a Muslim man to have more than one wife. Ye are never able to be fair and just as between women, even if it is your ardent desire: But turn not away (from a woman) altogether, so as to leave her (as it were) hanging (in the air). If ye come to a friendly understanding, and practise self-restraint, God is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful. Here we clearly see that Allah tells men that they will never be fair to their wives. He tells the men the pre-cautions of what they are about and gives a clear warning. Additionally it clearly nullifies the excuse that Allah gave them to practice polygamy. I personally believe from the No ble Quran that polygamy should not be allowed today to most Muslim men in the Muslim world. I am going to say yes, men should be allowed to have more than one wife especially if it has something to do with their faith and what they believe in. I do not believe that men should use this, as an advantage or practice polygamy for the sake of sexual pleasure but as a blessing. If people practice polygamy without being thoughtful to others, I am sure that Allah will take that negatively toward them, because Allah clearly demanded in the Quran that men should be fair, and think thoroughly before having multiple wives. He clearly encouraged men to settle down with one wife.

Death Penalty :: essays research papers fc

Death Penalty In 1972, the Supreme Court declared that under then existing laws "the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty ... constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments." The majority of the Court concentrated its objections on the way death-penalty laws had been applied, finding the result so "harsh and freakish" as to be constitutionally unacceptable. In 1976 more than 600 people had been sentenced to death under new capital-punishment statutes that provided guidance for the jury's sentencing decision. These statutes typically require a two-stage trial procedure, in which the jury first determines guilt or innocence and then chooses imprisonment or death in the light of aggravating or relieve circumstances. Executions proceeded throughout 1977 and in the early 1990s nearly 3000 people were sentenced to that death penalty and more then 180 had been executed. The death penalty does not arise from misplaced sympathy for convicted murderers. Murder demonstrates a lack of respect for human life. For this very reason, murder is despicable, and any policy of state-authorized killings is immoral. The death penalty could also be a good thing. If crazy people out there realize what the high consequences are for killing someone they may think twice before acting on hurting someone. Most people don't know which side to go on when it comes to the death penalty. Of course if it has to do with your family or close friends you will have no question about whether or not you should spare someones life that didn't spare your family member or close friends. People should suffer the way they made their victims suffer to see what it feels like to know they're going to die. To feel the pain the victim went through the moment they acted on their rage of having to hurt someone. Capital punishment does not stop crime, and the death penalty is uncivilized in theory and unfair. I do not think it is right no matter what the person did to sentence them to death.

Drinking Alcohol Makes Women More Beautiful :: Research Essays

Drinking Alcohol Makes Women More Beautiful While driving around in my friend’s car my other friend, Michael, commented on how he was going to get plastered, and find some girl to hook up with and he didn’t care about anything else just as long as she had a "nice personality". Others chimed in to the same affect and this got me thinking is this what people really think about when drinking? Is only one thing on their mind? My answer to this question is yes. That is why I chose to do my research paper on this topic. Going into this I decided on a hypothesis that is after a certain number of alcoholic drinks people find others more attractive. This in turn leads them to do other things that normally they would never dream of doing, but it doesn’t really matter, because they have the drunk factor to fall back on. Through a survey, interviews and a case study I have found my hypothesis to be more than just a theory. I will begin with my survey finding. I conducted a survey of 10 people, both males and females, consisting of 10 questions. Now I figured this would happen, but it was the opposite of what I thought they would answer. All of the questions were non-bias and helped me to get a better understanding of the relationship between attractiveness and alcohol. Let’s begin with my survey findings. Among some of the questions I asked were how many times a week do you drink, does your confidence go up after consuming alcohol, do you think alcohol affect others attractiveness to you, and who do you think males or females are more likely to be affected by "beer goggles". A surprising 80% said they drank more than 3 times a week. 20% of males said they had more confidence after drinking, where as 40% of females said they did. I assumed everyone would answer peoples’ attractiveness is affected by alcohol, but the votes were split 50-50. And 90% of those surveyed said that "beer goggles" affect males rather than females. I also interviewed a guy and a girl that had differing opinions about the questions. Some of the answers I got surprised me from both the male and female. My first interview was conducted in the cafeteria, with a 19-year-old sophomore female. The other was in Stouffer and with a 20-year-old junior male.

Corruption in the Teamsters Union

In 1902 a group of horse and buggy drivers created the Teamsters Union, in that the Teamsters were employed to transport goods. This occupation has played an important part in the economic development of the United States. Although they worked under difficult circumstances at the turn of the twentieth century they began to unionize on an extensive scale. There was no established national organization until 1912 that the teamsters were secure. Back in those days certain crafts and professions were considered as public-interest endeavors, which were licensed and regulated by the town authorities. Included in the teamsters which started with cart-men were; doorkeepers, butchers, and bakers. With the public being so reliant on these crafts they showed a monopoly and the members would join in strikes, to change supply and demand so they could increase prices for their products. In addition, the strikes served the purpose in securing higher wages and fees for services, and to keep outsiders from operating in the same craft. The strikes came about as early as the seventeenth century, although there weren’t any conflicts between labor and management. Instead, the strikes represented demonstrations against local laws and directives and were aimed in influencing the actions of town councils. There were numerous grievances due to the charges and rates established by localities for teamsters and in the seventeenth century cart-men did not work for earnings but owned the horses and wagons. Back in 1677 New York held the first tribunal for a strike in which, â€Å"Twelve truckmen were dismissed by the common council for not carrying out the duties prescribed for them by the city. The prosecution charged that the men were in contempt; it did not base its case upon conspiracy. Conditions prevailing in New York City were typical of those under which cart-men labored prior to 1850. † (Witwer) The New York teamsters were categorized as an individual labor group and each of them had to be licensed by the mayor. This allowed the city to have control over the cost of transporting or delivering goods through its streets and as business endeavors in the metropolitan area increased, a variety of regulations were passed. This included specifications on cart sizes, speed zones, and preventive measures to deter noise and accidents. After the Revolutionary War, the New York City council maintained stringent control over the work of cart-men doorkeepers, butchers, and bakers. During this time cart-men made request to the council that would limit who could enter into their craft in 1785, which kept transient residents in the city during the summer out of their businesses. It wasn’t until 1790, which licenses as teamsters were sought after by the old, frail, and unskilled workers. According to Brill, â€Å"In 1792, the Cart-men's Society was founded for the relief of distressed members. In 1797, as a result of flagrant abuses by teamsters in New York City operating without a license and charging extortionate fees–all licenses were revoked. The cart-men were reorganized in groups of forty-nine, each headed by a foreman. In 1800, there were twenty such companies. Stiff penalties were imposed for violations of ordinances. † The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) labor union has been more embroiled in jurisdictional cases and doppelganger unionism. When it was initially established, this union has been engaged in incessant critical disputes over jurisdiction. These disputes often affect many international unions, some associated either with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) or the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and those with no affiliation to either federation. The struggle of major concern was the inquiry of the proper union for a particular group of men, yet it entailed power over a precise job region. Many occurrences were an actual contest for power over a specific region and the complexity concerning jurisdiction that the teamsters have come upon has occurred due to the union making steady attempt s to expand. The incentives for such exploits were very diverse to include workers with functions closely related to others already performed by members of the union. In addition, the collaboration is essential for the triumphant exertion of economic strong hold among employers. Workers have also been organized to prevent their assimilation by a rival unions, with regions being expanded locally, helps to boost the power of local leaders and nationally expand Commercial and industrial enterprises. Daniel J. Tobin was the president of the Teamsters Union from 1907 TO 1952, which he grew and was not in control of the fiscal policies pursued by locals in the union. Tobin exerted a forceful authority over decisions which affected the relationship of the IBT with the other associations of the labor movement and he served as representative for a significant sector of the labor force. The power of Tobin was not challenged until 1930 when Dave Beck become known, with this Tobin’s rise to power was plodding. Tobin was born in Ireland in 1875 and in 1889 he journeyed alone to the United States. Tobin eventually became a driver-salesman, which lead him into the joining the local Team Drivers International (TDL) Union in Boston, Massachusetts. From there he became a member of Boston Local 25 and was chosen a representative to the Niagara Falls convention of 1903; it was at that convention that IBT was organized. According to Witwer, Tobin said: â€Å"When I returned I was discharged for being an agitator and found it difficult to find employment. I did find employment at $12 a week, working 12 hours a day. † Tobin ran for business representative for his local union in 1903 and after suffering from defeat (his only defeat while as a candidate for office within the labor movement). He proceeded to hold various offices within the Boston chapter when in August 1907, Daniel J. Tobin, became president of the Teamsters and Chauffeurs District Joint Council 10 of Boston. Serving as his campaign manage and a business agent in Local 25 John M. Gillespie, nominated Tobin for presidency of IBT, where as upon winning Tobin appointed Gillespie as the International Organizer for the New England division. This lifetime friendship led Gillespie to Indianapolis by Tobin in 1925 to take on the duties of assistant to the president. Subsequently, when Thomas L. Hughes died in 1941, Gillespie was appointed secretary-treasurer of the IBT and he was considered Tobin's most trusted associate in the union until his death in 1946. As has been indicated, upon obtaining the presidency, Tobin faced numerous serious problems and disparities. His own executive board created more problems by the division amongst the members. Four vice presidents joined into a rival force and voted together on most issues, which the other three vice presidents and secretary of treasurer were unable to match or break. Tobin had to break the four to four tie in many cases by casting the decisive ballot. The Teamsters Union in New York brought Tobin up on charges in 1908, claiming that he had been elected illegally in that years convention. The joint council contended that Local 25 was not in good standing with the IBT so, Tobin was ineligible for office. With such unruly and undermining schemes including acts of cultivating and persuading withdrawal from Local 25 by Tobin's opposition on the board with some of the members while serving as officers of the IBT at the same time organizing independent teamster unions. At the 1910 convention, Tobin accomplished extricating the remainder of opposition and for the next thirty years he was tterly unobstructed and uncontested in managing the affairs of the International Office. The union in the first ten years had its highest level of conflict within the organization, while in quite a few cases; officers of the IBT had acquired court sanctions restraining barred and obstinate locals with numerous techniques. Tobin's triumph with assembling the union was based upon his firm observance of avoidance (empathy action for other unions in trouble) and vigilant cost-conscious spending of union resources. With Tobin being in charge of a small yet powerful union, he anticipated the threat of repeating previous deeds which had made it susceptible in the past. With this in mind during 10907 and the early 1930’s the IBT avoided strikes, boycotts, and financial struggles assumed by other trade unions. Whereas, Tobin was extraordinary zealous guarding the treasury part of the union and the circumstances concerning strikes and lockouts were meticulously scrutinized before any benefits were paid out by the IBT to the local unions. With numerous rules and constitutional requirements being required before strike approval was approved by the IBT executive board. Tobin also sought to boost the finances; during his tenure of office as president; he fought for higher per capita taxes from the local teamster unions. Tobin would continuously boost with pride that being one of the larger labor organizations the Teamsters Union was insulated against economic loss due to a depression or bank failure. The biggest troubling factors in the first decade of Tobin's administration was the dissension within the union, the behavior the members in the local teamster unions, the secession interchanges conducted by different groups, and the existence of adversary and contending unions, in various parts of the nation. Chicago and New York were the hubs for the difficulties experienced under this regime, as a whole the teamsters were considered rather obstinate workers that exhibited a rough and idiosyncratic attitude. In 1906 there was more dissention at the convention which led to the creation of the United Teamsters of America (UTA). Chicago, New York City, and St. Louis, IBT lost it drew about 10,000 men to the UTA, which weakened the IBT, furthermore increased the membership of locals which had been independent in the past. Tobin worked hard to bring the men back into the IBT and was triumphant in implementing an arrangement in 1908 where the majority of the locals that had departed choose to return. Chicago continued with immense dissention where a significant number of unions continued to be separate. By bringing back the locals from New York (formerly UTA) and the designation of one of their leaders as a vice president of the IBT led to the withdrawal of a second group of locals. Many of the second group that had left the IBT had essentially returned in 1911, yet before this while trying to work out an agreement in 1909 Tobin was brutal beaten in New York City. In the attack, Tobin’s glasses were shattered, his ribs broken, and a complex fracture of his nose, but the worst was yet to come while he was hospitalized he ended up with blood poisoning and he lingered on the threshold of death. The separate unions in Chicago continued to prosper and ultimately an impasse was accomplished, drivers working in general trucking functions had an inferred status quo contract without going beyond the jurisdictional claims of the associated and separate locals. This realistic arrangement stayed unchanged until the early 1930's when some public officials applied force on the autonomous locals to join the IBT. These legislative officers were distressed by the magnitude of racketeering and mobster control in the teamsters unions in Chicago and believed unification would establish checks and balances on the powers of the local leaders. In Chicago the state of affairs progressively worsened, between 1928 and 1935, thugs from the Capone crew were in command of numerous locals of drivers. Some of the locals so dominated were affiliated with the IBT and others were independent and with these circumstances, violence was not uncommon. In 1932 Patrick Burrell of Chicago the vice president of the local union was shot to death in a struggle between organized labor and mobsters in a hail of bullets. The subsequent year Henry Burger, an international organizer operating in Chicago, was shot and seriously wounded, therein came the appointment of Daniel A. Gilbert as the chief investigator for the state's attorney's office in Cook County, Illinois, that law and order once again became the basis under which the locals operated. â€Å"Gilbert had strong support and encouragement from Thomas J. Courtney, the state's attorney, and Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago, with pressure from the businesses and the public had become somnolent from the immoderation of unionism about teamster unity and end labor discord and racketeering. † (Zeller) By 1934, many of the independent locals had joined the IBT while Courtney continued to aid the teamsters in their governmental efforts. There were other aggressive outbreaks in Chicago where labor was involved and in 1951, IBT officials in Chicago were anxious that the Capone crew would return with warfare breaking out all over the city. There was a public appeal for police protection against coercion by mobsters to the mayor by the vice president of the IBT William A. Lee. There were two murders, three brutal assaults, and four bombings between 1950 and 1951 of teamster officials in Chicago; with this the IBT did not ever have full power over workers working as drivers. The National War Labor Board (NWLB) acknowledged that the CIO controlled and represented trucking firms in other cities such as New Orleans and Detroit. Currently, the IBT is confronted with several of pockets of separatism throughout the nation. Tobin was able to combine and construct his power as president of the teamsters and become firmly embedded in office after 1910 due to no other member in the union gained national standing until the rise of Dave Beck. Tobin diligently avoided infuriating local leaders and except when circumstances were extraordinary or pressures were strong he refrained from intervening in local matters. With the power to appoint trustees in the local unions and joint councils where he felt officials were corrupt; Tobin to exerted substantial influence in dealing with locals. Very few complaints were made about Tobin’s abuse of power when appointing trustees; he progressively proceeded to expand the presidential term in office by increasing the time period between conventions. The time between conventions went from two years in 1908 to three years in 1912, and ultimately to five years in 1915 which helped in reducing the spending of the international union. Tobin argued that frequent conventions were unnecessary, while pointing out that the stoneworkers union was a fine organization even though it had held only one convention in twenty-eight years. Tobin broadened his labor connections, with the affiliation of the Canadian Trades and Labor Congress in 1920; then in 1928 affiliation with the building trades department of the AFL; and in 1948 with the International Transport Workers Federation. Tobin was reelected unanimously each time he ran for the office of general president, yet without ever having complete control of the convention. When Tobin made requests and recommendations concerning monetary matters he was unequivocally turned down time and time again. It took until 1920 for the monthly per capita to be increased from 15 cents to 30 cents; then it was increased again in 1952 to 40 cents. Tobin's main scheme, was to set up an international death benefit program under which the estate of each deceased member in good standing would receive a specified sum; this plan would increased the power of the IBT over the locals unions by giving the IBT control of a fund in which the individual members had an equity. In January 1929 a request made by the International Ladies Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) for financial assistance, due to the garment workers being confronted by some serious organizational struggles. The IBT grudgingly wrote the ILGWU that the board did not have the power to grant loans of any kind for any purpose, not even to one of its own locals. As the Teamsters Union strengthened, Tobin's reputation increased, he began to implement his authority as the representative of the AFL at the British Trades Union Congress, and as a delegate to the International Federation of Trade Unions in Amsterdam, Holland. Samuel Gompers gave great opposition to Tobin being elected treasurer of the AFL in 1917; he supported John B. Lennon, who had been the treasurer for the previous twenty-eight years. As a member of the executive council of the AFL, Tobin became one of its most imperative and vocal constituents while when John L. Lewis ran for AFL president, Tobin served as Gompers' campaign manager. With numerous differences over the issues of policy within the executive council Tobin threatened to resign several times, yet he was convinced not to on every occasion. Although in 1928 with another dispute with the executive council concerning the endorsement of Alfred E. Smith as a candidate as the President of the United States, Tobin resigned as treasurer. Tobin recommended that the offices of secretary and of treasurer of the AFL be consolidated when he left his post, this was enacted in 1935, under Tobin’s leadership in becoming the ninth AFL president in 1934. The Federation increased the number of men in this office from eight to fifteen, while Tobin became a vice president of the building trades department of the AFL. Tobin progressed in the chain of command of the labor movement; his union was concurrently gaining power and size. The AFL was revived in 1933 due to the decision of the Teamsters Union to organize everything on wheels; this is when the IBT became the most powerful union in the country. Threats to stop deliveries to and from companies who refused accept terms of the teamsters allowed them to gain contracts in trucking and related industries. The IBT gave support to other unions engaged in picketing or bargaining negotiations which strengthened the position of these unions and fortified their objectives. Unions organizing workers who were working in small numbers in regular establishments, were they became dependent on the teamsters for assistance, with the division in the AFL in 1935, Tobin continued his opposition to the growth of industrial unions. He asserted that it was not possible to organize the steelworkers; Tobin was fighting for the separation of teamsters from other workers. Tobin became the dominant core of labor leaders which favored craft unionism and he unequivocally maintained that industrial unionism would cause more hardship to the teamsters than to any other trade union. With the split between the AFL and CIO being complete, Tobin was one of the first labor leaders who strongly advocated reunification; he vigorously championed a plea by President Roosevelt for unity in the labor movement despite the rather cool reception which the message received from the other union heads present. Tobin was among the opposition to amending the Wagner Act, to make its stipulations more acceptable to the AFL. Supporters of the AFL contended that a majority of the members of the NLRB were prejudiced in favor of the CIO; it was believed that changes in laws would be more favorable to employers. Tobin aggressively opposed the communists and had them outlawed from the IBT, with his serious dislike of Harry Bridges of the longshoremen's union and his displeasure with John L. Lewis of the mine workers. The consequences with the fight for power within the Teamsters Union under the administration of Beck became apparent with the expulsion of the International Longshoremen's Association from the AFL. At the beginning of 1956, the election race for the presidency of the teamster’s joint council in New York City took place; the national leaders of the union had to make their positions known. With internal dissension at an all time high the impression of complete harmony on the general executive board came under public scrutiny, disclosure of the level of bitterness and conflict within the union indicate that it is one of the most important of the past fifty years. While Tobin held the top post in the union most members were afraid to challenge his control, due to his effective leadership; and the decentralization of the local leaders, caused sovereignty within their own unions. The local unions did not particularly aspire to expand their authority, with the arrival of Beck and the conference technique of organization, the progression of centralization began. Tobin fought hard and unsuccessfully to prevent the progression of centralization, eventually Beck had his way and gained much power even before he took over the leadership. At the beginning of his administration as general president, Dave Beck foresaw a strong centralized union with power vested in his hands looking toward the elimination of racketeering and corruption. To this end, Beck intensified his endeavors to complete the creation of conferences, with the size of the union and the colossal burden which his office entailed, Beck attempted to stay clear of direct contact with organizational and bargaining work with regards to issues in policy formation and jurisdictional problems. It was under these conditions that Jimmy Hoffa, was able to emerge as a rival to Beck who did not see his rapid rise and independence as a threat. By the time Beck recognized the problems Hoffa brought to the organization it was too late for Beck to extricate him without shaking the foundation of the union and risking defeat in his own objectives. Over the years Beck and Hoffa have tangled on many concerns yet formed alliances in other instances, both men recognized and appreciated the strength of the other. Given Beck's rise to the presidency, the struggle between them has solidified even further, Hoffa has said, â€Å"Although he takes orders from Beck, Beck does not raise questions as to how they are carried out. (Friedman and Schwarz) The modern record of the Teamsters Union may be implicit in the terms of the activities and goals of Beck and Hoffa, during the severe depression of the 1930’s; union activity was a perilous endeavor for those who had jobs. Hoffa, along with four other men who are currently still trusted affiliates of his staff, commenced to systematize the 175 workers in the warehouse as an independen t union, that went on strike just as a highly perishable load of strawberries arrived to be unloaded. In needing the workers to work, management had to realize the seriousness of the strike which led to some concession to pacify the workers. Within months a charter from the AFL was received making the independent Kroger group a federal labor union, Detroit was not a strong union center in 1932. There were few IBT locals in Detroit with roughly 500 members, Hoffa sought affiliation with the Teamsters Union and was given the charter of Local 674. Hoffa then proceeded to create an alliance with Local 299, which was then under trusteeship of the IBT, in debt, and without contracts this allowed his expansion program to begin. One of Hoffa's first and most ambitious ventures as a delegate of the teamsters were to organize the truckers, drivers, and car hauler workers, commencing between 1933 and 1935 was met the vicious conflicts of the automobile manufacturers. The automobile manufactures established a division within the IBT and Hoffa became the negotiating chairman which contributed to his rise through the ranks. Hoffa was elected president of Local 299 which has 16,000 members and 800 contracts with employers, within three years Hoffa became chairman of the central states drivers’ council. When the Michigan Conference of Teamsters was organized Hoffa was elected president, which led to him being appointed by Tobin to fill a vacancy in the office of international trustee. Hoffa’s rise through the ranks continued when he was elected president of Joint Council 43 of Detroit, like Beck, Hoffa is unrelenting and avoided liquor and tobacco, yet, he used foul language when speaking. In his extensive traveling on union business Hoffa was not concerned with political ideas or labor idealism, he attempted to bring about instantaneous improvements in the wages, hours, and working conditions of the teamsters. Hoffa has a vast and accurate knowledge of trucking operations; he was very familiar with the economics and he drove a hard bargain while adhering strictly to the contract provisions he negotiates. Hoffa brought stability in working conditions to trucking with questionable associates and shady business activities and connections. Hoffa's emergence from violent and ambiguous surroundings occurred with the development of maturity and the passage of time, this transformation reminds one of the evolutionary growths of other high leaders in the Teamsters Union. The vice president of the San Francisco IBT Michael â€Å"Bloody Mike† Casey, helped set up the general trucker’s local and earned his nickname in a violent and prolonged strike the in 1901. The nickname Casey had gotten became a term of affection, and when he died in 1937 he was a solid and respected citizen among leaders of the civic and industrial life of San Francisco. When Hoffa was elected to vice president of the IBT in 1952, Tobin said to the convention, â€Å"He is the biggest small man in Detroit. When you go to Detroit today you hear about Hoffa, but you do not hear a word about Henry Ford. As I said, he is a very big small man and he is one man we developed in our time. He is pretty nearly civilized now, but I knew him when he wasn't. † (Dobbs) The newly organized IBL was unable to defeat the barred organization in two NLRB representation elections at the port of New York, despite the strong support of the AFL. Resulting in employers on the water front being forced to come to terms with the independent ILA, this meant that teamsters continued their close contact with members of the ILA while performing the work of moving waterfront freight. Moreover, some ILA leaders had friends among teamster officials both Hoffa and John J. O'Rourke (president of Local 282) had close ties with the ILA. Hoffa's main objective was to develop the influence and membership of the teamsters by undertaking bold organizing activities in the southern states for this purpose and felt that the assistance of the ILA was both necessary and valuable in his project. Realistic considerations swayed Beck and slowly weakened his original resolution and adamancies with feelings of antipathy and distrust between Meany and Beck influencing the situation. Evidence of the discord between the two men came to the surface when Meany resisted Beck's election to the executive council of the AFL, when he fought hard to frustrate the teamster machinations to absorb the expelled ILA, when he successfully maneuvered to overcome teamster resistance to merger of the AFL and CIO, and when he forced the IBT to accept limited representation in the industrial union department. At one point, Beck publicly announced that he would never be a candidate for the presidency of the AFL and on other occasions he stated that he stanchly supported Meany for the office. Ensuing to the rejection by the AFL of efforts by the IBT to absorb the ILA, Hoffa undertook to negotiate an agreement to put the ILA under the domination of the teamsters; he envisioned a possible merger of the two unions. Aside from the fact that the longshoremen's union had 60,000 members who might be absorbed, there were mutual benefits to be derived from an agreement, teamsters and longshoremen work closely in port areas. With cargo freight being loaded and unloaded by longshoremen in trucks manned by teamsters, the IBT was strong in the Great Lakes ports, where the ILA is weak, while the ILA is in a position to help the IBT organize the South. With several preliminary discussions in 1955 the delegates to the ILA convention approved a working alliance with the teamsters, the last draft of the pact was left to a special subcommittee with the evident that upon its conclusion it would be subject to a membership referendum. As negotiations continued there seemed to be some loss of interest in the project on the part of longshoremen, the mutual assistance pact was between the independent longshoremen's union and three conferences of the IBT (central states, eastern, and southern). This gave a joint organization of work by the two unions, the cost to be apportioned by agreement; uniform labor contract expiration dates; and continued independent status of the ILA, except if both unions mutually agreed to a change. In the beginning the president of the ILA William V. Bradley, expected Beck to give his approval to the alliance and that members of both unions would be asked to ratify it. However Beck kept his distance from that debate, he stated that the document did not need his endorsement since it involved the regional conferences and did not conflict with the international constitution. With the new pact being placed in effect and the subdivisions of the international union were free to make loans to the ILA. With the expansion of the industry the IBT has grown, with that the union does not ordinarily invade jurisdictions of other trade unions. They have gained membership from employees of warehouses, canneries, and food processing plants, the success of the Teamsters Union has given it so much occupational and industrial diversification that it took on the form of a general labor union. If the teamsters were to decide to move in the direction of converting their union into a general catchall organization, the labor movement in the United States may be headed into a new structural phase comparable to the emergence of industrial unions in the 1930's as the equals of the craft unions. Although elected officials retain office for long periods on a national and local basis, there is insurmountable evidence of democracy operating within the union in the historical inability of the IBT leadership to dominate the convention completely. However, the membership continues to reelect officers who have brought about great improvements in conditions of employment and raised wages in the industry from a relatively low level to a high one. The union has succeeded in confidently establishing itself as a powerful organization, with vigorous actions and unruly behavior. Racketeering within the IBT was limited to locals and local leaders until 1957 and the national officers seemed eager to eliminate these instances. Viewpoints of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters and its leading officials followed in the tradition of Samuel Gompers and the other founders of the American Federation of Labor. Economics were the focus of the union, while attempting to stay out of the political arena, with the improvement of wages, hours, and working conditions being of the biggest concern. Some of the IBT leaders and locals were more politically cognizant, for example Harold J. Gibbons (St. Louis Local 688) and Robert I. Wishart (Minneapolis Local 1145), these were exceptions. The union is constantly on the alert for ways of bettering the economic position of its members: operating on the principle that the end justifies the means and that in order to improve the economic status of teamster’s pressure devices of all sorts may be used and assistance accepted from all persons who can help. Hoffa has said: â€Å"What we want we try to get. What we have we keep. † (Dobbs) The implication in this thought process where as vigorous organizational tactics must be pursued, hot cargo clauses in contracts and aggressive picketing leads to a strong union. Rejections from the union insist on restraint from utilizing any outside sources, whether by courts or Congressional committees. Investigations are considered interference with the rights of leaders to conduct union affairs. The IBT has strength with truck drivers, comprising about a third of its membership, hold jobs with tactical importance that enables the union to exert vast pressure on almost all industries. The usual driver is young, tough, individualistic, and stable, where they usually rise through the ranks in the trucking industry and are well prepared for challenges from their drivers. Under such conditions, substantial contact between management and workers during stressful times between them was not surprising and did not cause undue anxiety. People within the industry were not shocked by these issues and the upper ranks of teamster leadership adopted a policy that was forcefully supported by Hoffa that men may continue to work on behalf of the union regardless of any charges or indictments against as long as they have not been convicted of a major crime in the courts. The stance on this issue is based on the concept that leaders who are useful to the IBT should not be abandoned until they have had their day in court and there has never been any doubt in the minds of the heads of the organization that a successful labor leader must be prepared to move from an office to a picket line or to jail in the interests of his union. It is an unwritten rule within the unions that dedication to union service should be thorough and that it is how one reaches the highest achievement, no efforts are spared. In recent years, the leaders of the IBT have recognized greatly that they must be prepared to speak to university students or public organizations, in addition to their own membership, when the occasion warrants. Yet modesty has not been a trait of leadership in the Teamsters Union, the heads of the organization have used their power to reach for more power. With a poor reputation and tough behavior of the Teamsters Union there were various misgivings amongst the general public and in the ranks of organized labor. Heads of other trade unions have been apprehensive that teamster methods will bring stricter governmental laws and regulation of labor but they have also feared the jurisdictional incursions of the IBT and the increasing power wielded by its officers. Labor leaders recognize that the men running the Teamsters Union, on the whole, have been working for the benefit of members of the organization although many question the personal ethics and conduct of teamster officials and feel that not much consideration is given to the needs and interests of the remainder of the labor movement. History is full with evidence of the dependence of many sectors of labor unionism on the success of the teamsters in organizing or striking an employer. Unions therefore must deal carefully with the IBT since their main purposes may become more difficult or even impossible to achieve by disassociating or expelling the Teamsters Union from any community of labor. Whether the IBT can eradicate undesirable practices in which it is engaged and the distasteful business dealings, by which it is marked will be determined with the progress of the Teamsters in the future. The problem is extremely difficult because the membership is dominated by exhaustion and fear with its officers and due to the combined strength of the leaders is greater than that of the rank and file. The union needs some guidance from responsible leaders of the AFL-CIO and from some of those of its own officials who are impeccable. To remove any questions of corruption and racketeering within the Teamsters nationwide will require firm, legislative pressures by the federal government that will force the abandonment of dishonesty and criminal activities. Bibliography Brill, S. The Teamsters. Simon and Schuster. 1978. Dobbs, F. Teamster Power. Pathfinder Press. 1973. Friedman, A. and Schwarz, T. Power and Greed: Inside the Teamsters Empire of Corruption. Danbury, CT: Franklin Watts. 1989. Jablonski, D. The ‘Culture of Corruption’ Will Be Just Fine, Thank You. AFL-CIO | American Federation of Labor – Congress of Industrial Organizations 2009. Retrieved from; http://www. aflcio. org/, on July 17, 2009 Teamsters Reaffirm Support of Anti-Corruption Effort. http://www. teamster. org/ Witwer. D. Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union. University of Illinois Press. 2008. Zeller, F. C. D. Devil's Pact: Inside the World of the Teamsters Union. Carol Publishing Group.