International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 4 Essay

International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business IP Week 4 - Essay Example Competition law and the antitrust laws are examples of such regulations. The laws are set of rules and regulations designed to enhance competitive environment in the business environment. This paper evaluates an example of a merger between two major telecommunication companies. Some issues arise due to generic competition. Generic competition stems from producers who do not incur costs in research before they launch a product to market. It results in the original manufacture imposing some restrictions to protect their brands. This paper will address legal barriers in introducing a new product to market and possible dilemmas. Key words: competition, legal, mergers, antitrust and law. International Legal and Ethical Issues in Business Introduction The antitrust laws were put in place by the federal and state governments in United States to regulate businesses. The laws ensure that companies do not become too big and they do not fix their prices. The law also ensures that there is perfe ct competition in market so that the consumer welfare is maintained. The federal governments are also mandated in reviewing potential mergers to attempt to prevent market concentration. The antitrust laws apply to businesses and individuals. The laws were enacted to stop businesses that go too large from blocking competition and abusing their power (Baker, 2004). The antitrust law is aimed at ensuring perfect competition. ... It is estimated that pharmaceutical companies spend an average of $800-1 billion and between eight and sixteen years to research a new drug (Crandal & Clifford, 2003). Research need to be conducted to ensure that the drug introduced to the market can compete perfectly. The drug should also meet the target population needs; it should be in a position to solve their problems. As a result, an extensive research should be conducted to make sure that the brand conforms to set standard and market needs. Due to this, high cost is incurred. Legal Barriers to Market Entry Legal requirements have to be followed by the drug manufacturers to ensure that they enter the market with legal approval. There are legal barriers that control the entry of drugs to the market in the United States. In 2003, President Bush signed into law the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement and Modernization Act of Approval. The act has had major impact on the entry of generic pharmaceutical drugs to the market. The 2003 act contains three rules that control the entry of the drugs to the market. The act allows a minimum of one 30- month stay per generic application, clarifies the types of patents that must not be submitted to Food and Drug administration for listing in the orange book, revises the information required to be submitted on patents, and consolidates all patent information on declaring forms to ensure that the submissions are more informative and precise. In addition to the 30 month stay per application, the FDA tightened control on the types of patent claims submitted by the innovator company. The law ensures that the innovator drug companies would no longer be able to submit patents claiming packaging, metabolites and

Aiding the Management of Change Research Proposal

Aiding the Management of Change - Research Proposal Example A survey conducted in 2002 (Online Executives 2006) highlighted that the main driver for change was increased competition, however, most domestic businesses have adapted to this by adopting similar processes and acquiring the necessary technology. However, in 2006, the survey was repeated and found that the main driver for change was the desire to increase efficiency. This is indicative of an environment that is becoming difficult to control and predict and has made planning and strategy on a short term basis. The need for efficiency is not confined to one industry but rather applies to all businesses, and this has resulted in a number of change management initiatives that are designed to increase efficiency, reduce costs, restructure the organization, and become more competitive and to make the business more innovative. However, by increasing efficiency, reducing costs and restructuring the organization, most businesses are directly impacting on employees as these drivers will have a negative impact on jobs. These drivers often result in redundancies and the key to a successful change management initiative will lie in an organization’s ability to handle and communicate with its employees (Chin and Benne 1968). Failure to communicate and implement change management to employees will make the initiative susceptible to failure through reduced morale from the remaining employees (Chin and Benne 1968, Scott 20,05), which in turn will affect the manner in how customers are treated, which in turn will affect the organizations' competitiveness. This implies that change management is not about changing physical attributes, but rather it is about managing the process of it, which includes people management. This paper will briefly look at the factors responsible for both successful and disastrous change management initiatives, and it will also look at how culture and commitment, leadership and downsizing can be managed for change.